Exosomes

Mechanism

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells (often stem cells). They carry proteins, RNA, and growth factors that help modulate inflammation, promote tissue repair, and facilitate cell-to-cell communication.

Effectiveness

Promising for systemic conditions and advanced tissue repair; still in experimental stages with variable results depending on the condition.

Advantages

1. Non-cellular, so there's no risk of rejections.

2. Can be used for systemic effects (e.g., through IV infusion).

Applications

Chronic pain, degenerative conditions, anti-aging, neurological disorders, and immune modulation.

Disadvantages:

1. Expensive and not widely available.

2. Limited regulation and standardization.